Low total Calcium (hypocalcemia) values are seen in osteomalacia, hypomagnesemia, vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, steatorrhea, nephrosis, nephritis, and hepatocellular or renal parenchymal disease.
Elevated total Calcium (hypercalcemia) may be seen in: hyperparathyroidism, hypervitaminosis D, bone neoplasms, Milk-alkali syndrome (increased mild intake of calcium with antacids), sarcoidosis, thyrotoxicosis and polycemia vera.